Mcdonaldization Essays (1696 words) - Fast Food, McDonalds

Mcdonaldization The way that Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers works together and markets it's item to buyers is because of the adjustment in our general public to where the purchaser needs the greatest, quickest, and best item they can get for their cash. This adjustment in the public arena can be credited to a procedure known as McDonaldization. In spite of the fact that McDonaldization can be applied to numerous different pieces of our general public, this paper will concentrate on its effect on Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers. My conviction is that the procedure of McDonaldization, where the belief system of McDonald's has come to rule the world, has made Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers imitate McDonald's style of running a diversified eatery network as far as proficiency, calculability, and control. In any case, since McDonald's has become the encapsulation of inexpensive food in our general public, Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers has needed to change their concentration to giving the shopper a more excellent item in a moderately quick measure of time. Along these lines, Wendy's despite everything takes into account a McDonaldized society as far as giving them a dinner as quick as could reasonably be expected however making quality their main need to give individuals a feasible choice from McDonald's. Furthermore, I have utilized my better half who oversees at Wendy's and perceptions I accumulated while at McDonald's as additional data for this paper. To start with, before I talk about the effect of McDonaldization on Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers, I will characterize what McDonaldization is. McDonaldization is the procedure by which the standards of drive-thru eateries are coming to rule an ever increasing number of divisions of American culture, just as, of the remainder of the world. (Ritzer 1998,Page 1) George Ritzer made this idea of McDonaldization as a continuation of Max Weber's hypotheses on organizations. Max Weber characterizes an administration as a huge various leveled association that is represented by formal standards and guidelines and has an away from of work undertakings. Its three fundamental attributes are that it has a division of work, order of power, and an unprejudiced and indifferent utilization of rules and arrangements. (Newman 1997, Page 271) Thus, from that meaning of an administration, one would reason that both McDonald's and Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers are organizations. The way that the two cafés are administrations is bolstered by the way that each doles out specialists to a particular activity where every laborer separately adds to the general accomplishment of the eatery by doing their activity. For instance, laborers at every eatery could be relegated to working the flame broil, making fries, working the front register, or taking requests at the drive-through window. The two cafés have a chain of command of power from laborer, team boss, move supervis or, pay chief to proprietor of the store. Additionally, every eatery authorizes a fair and generic utilization of rules and approaches. Both McDonald's and Wendy's have standard, unoriginal welcome at the register and at the drive-through window. The special case when this unoriginal demeanor towards the client is changed is the point at which a laborer knows the client outside the café. For this situation, the specialist will likely ask their associate how they are getting along or what they are doing. The specialist may even toss in an additional cheeseburger that a customary client probably won't get. Regardless of this exemption where normalization is broken, both these cafés have become organizations since they are the most productive methods for overseeing enormous gatherings of individuals. That leaves one to ask why the procedure of McDonaldization has been so effective for the two organizations. The principal reason is that it offers effectiveness where purchasers realize that it implies the speediest method to get starting with one point then onto the next. On account of McDonald's, it offers the best accessible approach to get from being eager to being full. This is so significant in the present society in light of the fact that such a large number of individuals are in a race to get starting with one spot then onto the next. Along these lines, the snappy, proficient arrangement of McDonald's permits purchasers to eat a cheap food dinner without leaving their vehicle. Then again, Wendy's takes a stab at as proficient assistance as conceivable without affecting the nature of their item. This is on the grounds that McDonald's now has engraved on individuals' psyches all through the numerous long stretches of its reality that they will get a similar burger each visit

Rhetorical Analysis ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Logical Analysis - Essay Example By and large, he decides on a round course, and arrives at home with his mission satisfied. During the procedure of success, he faces various sorts of perilous characters, tricky conditions and difficulties passing regularly, to at last rise triumphant. Anticipation and circumstances that make uneasiness are a piece of the excursion plot. Indeed, even with the full information on the summit of the plot that the hero will rise triumphant, the peruser makes the most of his experiences with various airs and how he challenges the new characters who regularly undermine with critical outcomes. Getting away from death turns into the kindergarten stuff to the hero. The gap in sexual orientation in Norse society to which â€Å"The Hobbit† by J. R. R. Tolkien related was not put together such a great amount with respect to sex as it was on power. The capacity to move between sexes was a piece of the enchantment. Seiã °r was estimated to be ‘women’s magic’, and the a ctivity was connected with playing the job of the infiltrated accomplice in sex †something considered ‘unmanly’ by the Norse. Indeed, even with the apparently real recorded foundation made by the creators, the different highlights of the dream plot rely altogether upon author’s goals and last targets and his perspectives towards sex in the general public. As such the creators come back to history to pick a particular timespan, figures and occasions and the backbone of imagination is in the formation of overwhelming legends fit for exceptional accomplishments and the jobs of the female sex were less significant, however critical to the defining moments in the story. In the assessment of verifiable foundation of an abstract production of imagination, enchantment woven with female sexual orientation adventures have a significant task to carry out. Enchantment goes about as the springboard for fantastic plans to show their characteristic quality and social ramifications. To accomplish the reason in see, the creators draw from their fruitful universe of creative mind; utilize male and female characters, other than submitting general direction to

The Broke Persons Guide to Gift Giving - OppLoans

The Broke Persons Guide to Gift Giving - OppLoans The Broke Persons Guide to Gift Giving The Broke Persons Guide to Gift GivingDont let your desire to give awesome, thoughtful gifts to friends and family members drive you into debtâ€"just learn how to give more with less!You’ve probably heard some version of the 1905 O. Henry story The Gift of the Magi. It tells the tale of a husband and wife who can’t afford gifts for each other, so they each secretly sell off one of their prized possessions.The wife cuts her hair and sells it to buy her husband a chain for his pocket watch andâ€"in a twist worthy of a Twilight Zone episode directed by M. Night Shyamalanâ€"her husband had sold his watch to afford expensive combs for her hair. Now both of their gifts are useless.Well, the wife’s hair will grow back eventually and she can just use the combs then. And the husband will still probably look pretty cool with an awesome chain hanging out of his pocket.Regardless, the moral of the story is that they still have their love, so it doesn’t matter that they can’t use their gifts in an optimal manner. But the real lesson is that they should have read this article! Then they would have known how you can give good gifts within your budget!Set expectations appropriately.Don’t be embarrassed to let your friends and family know you’re working on a tight budget. Its not like theyll want you taking out an online loan or cash advance just to buy them a present.If they’re the sorts of people who deserve your generosity, then they’re the sort of people who will be sympathetic to your situation. And if they do have lower expectations, then those expectations are all the more likely to be exceeded. Your gift could even be time spent together.“This summer, starting now, talk to your friends and family and suggest that you dont exchange Christmas/holiday gifts this year,” advised Holly Wolf, Director of Customer Engagement for SOLO Laboratories (@SOLO_labs). “While its warm outside, it feels planned out, thoughtful, and not just panicked over money.“ My conversations go something like this: ‘I enjoy spending time with you throughout the year.   Thats a real gift to me. So rather than exchanging gifts that we really dont need, lets commit to spending more time together this year. Lets hike more/take more walks/hang together more.   The holidays are busy and stressful enough. Lets make them easier for both of us by not exchanging.’“Nearly everyone Ive suggested this too has agreed not to exchange. Only one person needed a bit more time to come to terms with it.”Lina Kristjansen, the co-founder of FiveYearFIREescape, offered a similar approach: “One way to deal with the cycle of gift-giving is to break it altogether. If you want to do it without sounding like a Grinch, you could say: ‘This year were saving up for a vacation, lets just get together instead of exchanging gifts!’ Of course, you can replace vacation with your own goal, like paying off debt, creating a rainy day fund, or a purchase youre actually excited a bout.“People will respect your decision when you share the bigger picture behind it, instead of just saying ‘we cant afford it.’ Besides, your family and friends will probably welcome the chance to break the gift-giving cycle if you give them the alternative.”But if you still feel the need to give physical gifts, you have many affordable options that wont require a personal loan or installment loan to cover.Dissect a gift basket.If you think about it, a gift basket should really be called a “gifts” basket, since it contains multiple gifts. On that note:“If you have several friends and family members youd like to give gifts to but youre short on funds, you can always buy one large gift basket and then create smaller gifts using the included items,” suggested Beverly Friedmann, content manager for ReviewingThis (@ReviewingThis).“By purchasing a (neutral) gift basket you may be able to give several people different items at once, and you can include cards with each. T his will likely save you a considerable amount of money in comparison to purchasing individual gifts, and your recipients will never be privy to where their present came from.”Turn downsizing into giftsizing.Do you have a lot of clutter and have been thinking about Kondo-ing your living space? Well downsizing could also be an opportunity to make progress on your gift list.“Several years ago, my grandpa started giving away gifts from his past for Christmas in place of new purchases,” recounted Kelly Shea of  TrialandEater.com  (@TrialandEater) and TheWabiSabiLife.com. “These gifts come with a personalized note about why he is giving each of us this particular item, and a story from his life. These have turned into mementos that we all look forward to.“This year, as I downsized and moved, I adopted the same gifting philosophy for peoples birthdays. Items that I received from conferences or other travels, kitchen items I might have otherwise given away, a new chocolate bar, b ooks that I have finished readingâ€"if they make me think of a particular family member I gift them and tell them why.“This intention based way of gifting not only makes my family members feel like I truly thought of them, but it also cuts down on costs and gifting people items that end up as clutter that they dont need.And they dont have to be fancy to be appreciatedâ€"some items I have sent recently include chocolate and snacks, a free pineapple tote bag I would have otherwise gotten rid of, duplicate kitchen items, makeup samples, and a shirt that no longer fit me that I knew would fit my cousin. Its kind of like an adult care package!”Consider used items.“Used” doesn’t have to mean “bad” or “broken down.” Gently used items can still make very nice, and more affordable, gifts.“If giving something physical is important, visit a thrift store to look for a gently used gift instead of something brand new,” recommended Logan Allec, CPA (@moneydoneright), owner of personal finance website Money Done Right. “Thrift stores are great places to score great deals on treasures, especially if you are short on cash.”Make something.Making gifts tends to be much more affordable than purchasing them. Also the people you’re giving them to might grade the gifts on a curve. But we bet they’ll actually love them as well!“While it may seem cliche or even impossible, if youre very tight on funds you can always make your own gifts,” advised Friedmann. “If you enjoy art, writing, or making items at home (i.e. plants, jewelry, knitting), you may be able to use your skills to put together gifts that are even more special to your friends and family than store-purchased items.One of the best gifts Ive received was a card in conjunction with a self-learned piano song. The sentiment behind the gift is always the most important part.”Want a specific, relatively easy to replicate example? Read on!“Since my wife and I were both from large families, ou r holiday gift list was always quite long,” offered Timothy G. Wiedman retired professor of Management Human Resources at Doane University(@DoaneUniversity). “And when I was in graduate school, our finances were stretched pretty thin.So several years in a row, for many of our holiday gifts, my wife and I made sheets of hard rock candy in various colors (red, green, yellow, and dark gray) and complementary flavors (peppermint, wintergreen, lemon, and licorice).   As I recall, we used a simple stove-top recipe that included Karo syrup and cane sugar (with confectioners sugar topping off the finished candy).“After the basic concoction reached the proper temperature (somewhere around 300 degrees if my memory is accurate), it cooked for several minutes before each coloring/flavoring combination was added; and then it was spread (about 3/8 of an inch thick) on cookie sheets that had gotten a thin coating of confectioners sugar.Then I took the sheets outside to cool and harden by pl acing them on our ancient picnic table. We lived in central Ohio, so the finished recipe hardened fairly quickly in December. Finally, each hardened sheet of candy was cracked into smallish pieces and given a final dusting of confectioners sugar.”Now take this advice and use it in your gift-giving endeavors. There shall be no twist endings for you!Being generous is awesome, but so is staying within your budget. There are no gifts good enough to to justify taking out a short-term bad credit loan  or no credit check loan  (like a  payday loan  or title loan to pay for them. To learn more about stretching your budget further, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:The Broke Person’s Guide to Hanging With FriendsHow to Have Fun This Summer on a BudgetThe Broke Person’s Guide to Home CookingHow to Budget and Save Money When You’re Making Minimum WageDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN  |  InstagramContributorsLogan Allec (@moneydoneright) is a CPA and owner of the personal finance website  Money Done Right.    After spending his twenties grinding it out in the corporate world and paying off over $35,000 in student loans, he dropped everything and launched  Money Done Right  in 2017.    His mission is to help everybodyâ€"from college students to retireesâ€"make, save, and invest more money.    Logan resides in the Los Angeles area with his wife Caroline.Beverly Friedmann works as a Content Manager for the consumer website  ReviewingThis (@ReviewingThis)â€"with a background in Sales and Marketing Managementâ€"and is from New York, NY.Lina Kristjansen is the co-founder of FiveYearFIREescape  where she blogs about her family’s early retirement. She quit working at 31 with kids and a house in a pricey city. Her husband retired one year after her, too. She got there through saving, financial sa vviness, and rental houses.Kelly Shea is a former financial analyst turned writer and photographer who has a passion for wellness and vegetarian food. She loves sharing her recipe creations and her latest foodie adventures from her travels across the country on her food and travel blog at TrialandEater.com (@TrialandEater), along with wellness and alternative lifestyle topics at TheWabiSabiLife.com.After 13 years as a successful operations manager working at two different ‘Fortune 1000’ companies, Dr. Timothy G. Wiedman spent the next 28 years in academia teaching college courses in business, management, human resources, and retirement planning.  Dr. Wiedman recently took an early retirement from  Doane University (@DoaneUniversity), is a member of the Human Resources Group of West Michigan and continues to do annual volunteer work for the SHRM Foundation. He holds two graduate degrees in business and has completed multiple professional certifications.Holly Wolf  is an executiv e with over 30 years of experience in banking and healthcare.

Government throughout History and throughout Different...

Government throughout history and throughout different cultures has changed from one system to another. People fight for power, and a steady government means usually means more prosperous times. When bad times come, power levels may increase, overthrows are enacted, and sometimes the system itself changes. Societies often go about this differently, and patters may be hard to find. However, one thing that history seems to show is that rich people dominant the government. Social classes have always been a part of society, and those who already have more money, education, and resources tend to be the one’s ruling over those who have less. Most people who rule are given extra resources and valuable because they rule. But the pattern that is seen throughout history shows people who already had much, getting power, instead of an average person getting to power, then becoming rich. Ancient Egypt was a society centered on the Nile River. It was geographically advantageous because the Nile allowed for food surplus and protection from invaders. The government was dynastic succession with a Pharaoh as the leader. Egypt is a good example of rich dominance in the government because no forms of regular people having a voice are seen. As one of the earlier, powerful, and united (by Menes of Upper and Lower Egypt) societies, Egypt had its time of economic prosperity. But, there was still a separation between standard of living in the commoners versus the government and religious leaders.Show MoreRelatedThe Immigration Act Of 1882900 Words   |  4 PagesWith the founding of the United States government, many Americans have expressed a variety of attitudes towards those who differ from the majority culture. Furthermore, as can be seen throughout America s history, one can pull many example of how Americans have acted towards the other. 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The amount of music education differs greatly by school and teachers. Most public schools do not have a special music teache r or department. In order to be well educated in music a studentRead MoreThe Changes Of The World s Civilizations1112 Words   |  5 PagesSeveral countries and cultures throughout history rise while others fall. Some countries invade while others are invaded. Numerous factors come into play when reviewing the history and the changes of the world’s civilizations. A prime example of a territory constantly invaded by empires until finally becoming its own country is Syria. Though Syria has faced many trials throughout its past, it faces several in the present. Syrian culture, economics, politics, and military advances have been contributions

What Is a Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (SULEV)

SULEV is an acronym for Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle. SULEVs are 90 percent cleaner than the current average years models, emitting substantially lower levels of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides and particulate matter than conventional vehicles. The SULEV standard steps up the ULEV, Ultra Low Emission Vehicle standard.   Some PZEVs fall into this category by default. For instance, if you buy a Toyota Prius in California and fuel it up, its considered a Partially Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV), however, if you drive east and fuel it up over the next 2,500 miles its considered an SULEV  since Californias low sulfur gas formulations are not available everywhere. Origins of the Term The term originated in the United States Environmental Protection Agency, which uses SULEV to describe a class to vehicles meeting certain emissions standards. These standards are far stricter than those governing the classifications Low Emissions Vehicle (LEV) and Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV), while less strict than Californias PZEV and Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) standards. Part of the Clean Air Act of 1990, legislation involving this nomenclature was an initiative to lessen emissions as a result of high commuter traffic and American reliance on automobiles. Nissan, however, was the first to release an engine that qualified for the SULEV rating with its 2001 release of the Nissan Sentra.   Especially in the early 2010s, the increased interest in greener energy sparked a movement toward low-emission manufacturing with states like California pioneered the effort causing auto manufacturers to decrease their environmental impact. Modern Usage While the market for SULEVs is constantly expanding as the demand for better fuel efficiency and less impact on the environment continues to permeate most industries. The Honda Civic Hybrid, Ford Focus (SULEV model), Kia Forte and Hyundai Elantra all qualify as SULEV — with several also qualifying as PZEVs. Today, more than 30 makes and models qualify as SULEVs. These vehicles radically reduce the emissions created by traffic and congestion, often times producing zero emissions while they carry passengers about their lives.   Thanks to the 90% fewer emissions of these vehicles, the human impact on global warming is decreasing each year. Perhaps, in time, we may even move away from these highly efficient vehicles to ones that dont rely on gasoline at all.

Origin of Mass of Subatomic Particles Essay - 927 Words

This past October of 2013, Franà §ois Englert and Peter W. Higgs were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Physics for 2013. â€Å"For the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERNs Large Hadron Collider. Both Englert and Higgs proposed the theory of how particles acquire mass. It was 1964 when both men proposed this theory independently. It wasn’t until the year 2012, that both men had their ideas confirmed by discovery of the Higgs Boson particle (particle responsible for giving mass to objects) at the CERN laboratory in†¦show more content†¦These forces work over different ranges and have different strengths. That is to say, Gravity is the weakest; the electromagnetic force has infinite range but is much stronger than gravity. Three of the fundament al forces result from the exchange of force-carrier particles; these belong to a group of particles called -bosons. Particles of matter transfer discrete amounts of energy by exchanging bosons with each other (CERN). Each fundamental force has its own corresponding boson – the strong force is carried by the gluon, the electromagnetic force is carried by the photon, and the W and Z bosons coincide with the weak force (CERN). That is to say, The Standard Model includes the electromagnetic, strong and weak forces and all their carrier particles. This new particle was somewhat consistent with the Higgs boson, but it will take more research to actually determine if it is the same Higgs boson predicted by the original Standard Model. Being that protons are filled with subatomic particles like quarks, antiquarks, and gluons they rarely pass or collide with each other. 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Communicating Key Audit in Independent Audit Report-Free Samples

Question: What Communicating Key Audit in Independent Audit Report? Answer: Introduction ASA701 Communicating key Audit Matters in independent Audit report deals with the Auditors responsibility to convey or to communicate the key Audit matters in the Audit report. Key audit matters communicated for more transparency about the performance of audit. It also provide more information to the proposed user of the financial statements so that they can understand the matters, which in the auditors professional judgement were the most significant in the audit of financial statements. Communicating key audit matters to the proposed users also helps them to understand the entity and the areas of significant management judgement in the financial statements, which has been audited by the auditor. The reason for introduction of this standard is to provide greater transparency regarding entity and its management to the users of financial statements of the company Key audit matters are those matters that are significant and require full attention of the auditor in performing audit. Key audit matters communicated to those charged with governance. Determination of Key Audit Matter(KAM) These matters are determined by taking into account the following:- Areas of higher risk of material misstatements. Significant judgement of auditor, which relates to areas of the financial statements, which have significant judgement regarding management, also includes accounting estimates, which are identified as estimation of uncertainty. Effect, which occurs on the significant transaction and event during the period Need for ASA701 Requirement for need of ASA701 Communicating key audit matters in independent audit report is developed for better transparency and for providing more and detailed information to end users of the financial statements of the entity, so that users have the knowledge of the entity they are trusting in. This standard is required to develop auditing standard that have an apparent public interest centre of attention and are of the uppermost eminence. Collapse of Lehman Brothers Collapse of Lehman brothers was the biggest financial collapse in the year 2008.This collapse brings huge recession in the economy. This bankruptcy was the vibrant indication to the investors of distress in the market, which was extreme from the reason of the crunch In case of Lehman one of the largest investment bank, unpredictable government course of action amplified obscurity. Reasons, which led to collapse of Lehman brothers. There were numerous reasons that led to the collapse of Lehman Bros. The main cause for the collapse were the liberation on the subprime mortgage. Maximum of the U.S banks similar to Lehman Brothers grabbed benefit of the bang preceding to 2007 and stretched enormous subprime mortgage advance. Basically these subprime mortgage loans are extended to the customers who does not have good credit score, which on the other hand would not be accepted if the customer have poor credit score. The main characteristic of this subprime mortgage advance was the changeable interest rate. Later on, these changeable interest rates became trouble for the borrowers as the ability to pay back their credits were confronted, because adjustable interest rates were comparatively higher than the interest rates they were formerly disbursing on their borrowings. Unfortunately, prices of houses began to fall drastically, the investors were unaware of the situation, as the assurances given by the executives that fall in house prices will not affect the company and its investors were in their minds. However, the higher interest rates give rise to immense default in addition to low prices of houses, the firm made vast losses globally. This resulted in loss of trust of investors in other investment banks (Siskos, 2017) Two mistakes can be pointed out here is that firms failure to sort correct forecasts for the future and execute counter approach when market circumstances altered. Second point should be the negligence of top executives. They might have known these future alterations regarding loan scheme, but were busy in making their own profit or in other words misusing their positions Too much borrowing causing high leverages is another reason for bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers. Other reason for the Lehman Brothers collapse was the perversion of the disclosure or revelation of repos transactions. Absence of competent and operational risk management policies also led to the collapse of Lehman Brother. Failed bail out and takeovers also led to the downfall of Lehman Brothers. The Firm faces huge Losses and this led to the disposal of some of their subsidiaries. Assets were disposed due to huge losses of around $3 billion in its second quarter. By September 2008, the Losses were around $4 billion, which make them to sell their shares. As investors lost confidence, stock prices lost its half of the value (Norbel, 2017). Briefly the causes of the collapse of Lehman brothers are:- Collapse of Lehman Brother headed to hard times in the action of numerous businesses in U.S and globally. Only in U.S Lehmans failure results in depreciation in price of properties. Lehmans collapse also results in writing off nearly $47 million debts owed to the Federal Agricultural Corporation. Losses of jobs in huge number were resulted from Lehmans demise. Firms stock prices falls, which had impact on the investment of the investor. This event had huge impact on its creditors and investors. Lehmans Bankruptcy had critical effects on some major companies and institutions outside United States and Europe who has big business with the Firm. Auditing issues surrounding the collapse of Lehmans Brother: Collapse of Lehman Brother was surrounded many audit issues such as external auditors fails to identify the occurrence of the timing of the repos transactions. Failure of external auditors to realise that Lehmans had broken generally accepted accounting principles i.e. obligation to make sure that all-important events that are probable to a firms financial statements should be revealed. In absence of acceptable and unambiguous standard to guide all these transactions critically contributed to Collapse of Lehman Brother. Failure of auditors by not identifying the financial misconducts by executives of Lehman (Fox, 2017). The auditors in the financial statements could easily identify the main pointers of deception. Downfall of Lehman Brother not only affected U.S economy but also resulted in financial crisis worldwide. Reasons which led to the Downfall has been discussed earlier also the auditing issues related to such downfall. In order to enhance the report quality, increment of transparency, and to increase the accountability to the users of the financial statements of the entity they are investing or dealing in resulted in the introduction of ASA701 communicating key audit matters in the independent audit report (Azadinamin, 2017) Lack of disclosure of consistent accounting policies, lack of communication of the material misstatements to those charged with governance, lack of unambiguous standard to guide all the transactions in Lehmans case, breach of generally accepted accounting standards calls for the introduction new accounting standard. Year 2008 was the phase of global financial crisis, which involves the perplexing situation for the companies and their auditors. Economic state of affairs were deteriorating markets were illiquid. There were complications in sustaining liquidity and retrieving funds through financial institutions, shares and asset sale. During this period there were problems for the auditors to obtain sufficient audit evidence. Auditors are likely to counter the rise in risk by increment in their professional suspicion. There were three approaches open for the auditors to accomplish audit risk:- Give resignation to the clients having higher risks. Increment in the susceptibility to issue modified audit report To increase the effort in auditing. Resigning from the risky clients were not so easy step. Hence, two approaches changes in the susceptibility to issue going concern modification and to increase the audit effort These situations burdened auditors with additional pressure because if auditors do not Point the key auditing matters to clients before they fail because this may become the Cause of penalties for auditors. Where there is a substantial uncertainty that their clients will stay as a going concern both ASA570 and ASA701 necessitate auditors to amend their audit judgement. Hence above mentioned circumstances resulted in introduction of new auditing standard ASA701 communicating key audit matters in the independent audit report. This standard ASA701 communicating key audit matters in independent audit report provides greater transparency, more information to the shareholders and investors. Requirements of ASA701: Users of financial statements shows more interest in the matters in which auditors has the vigorous communication with those charged with governance, as stated in SSA260. Necessitates auditors to communicate the key audit matters with those charged with governance, which not only is the reason for increased communication between auditors and with those charged with governance. Increased communication with those charged with governance will bring to the notice of management of the entity to revelations in the financial statements, which are referred in audit report. SSA 320 materiality in planning and performing the audit, clarifies that it is sound to the auditor to adopt that the users of financial statements : Having knowledge of the entity and economic activities of the entity and accounting of the entity and have the inclination to study the facts in financial statements with sound attentiveness. Apprehend that financial statements are equipped and audited considering materiality. Realisation of uncertainties involved in future estimations judgements and events. Making sound decisions based on the financial information of the financial statements (Audit reporting, 2017) Requirement of disclosure of key audit matters in case ASA701 is applicable to Lehman Brothers during that time: There should be transparency in the internal controls performed for the safekeeping of assets under prime brokerage. Lehman Brothers lacks transparency in their internal controls performance. Investor looks for assurance that the custodians of these assets perform proper internal controls related to assets under mortgage. There was lack of management, extent of monitoring liquidity risk. Lack of understanding of counterparty default risk, credit risk involved in the transactions. Non-disclosure of significant events and transactions in the financial statements of the firm, which lead to the breach of generally, accepted principles of accounting. Financial misconduct by executives of Lehman is the key audit matter. Identification of timing of 105 repos transaction could be communicated to those charged with governance. Extreme losses need to be communicated and disclosed in the audit report. Lack of correct forecast to be gathered with counter approach to the changed market condition. Risk involved in prime mortgage loan. These Key audit matters are required to be disclosed in independent audit report. Each key audit matter should be separately disclosed. Key audit matter should be separately disclosed under subheading in the audit report. This will be an improvement in auditing practises as it enhances the transparency in internal controls, communication between auditor and management and provide additional information, which helps the investors and shareholders to have knowledge about the entity. The importance of the key audit matter in regard to the audit of financial statement may be recognized by association between key audit matter and other essentials of audit report. Collapse of Lehman Brothers was not forewarned in the auditors report which gave and unqualified report before its collapse because auditors were failed to identify the timing of repos transaction, they failed to identify the credit risk involved and materiality of the transactions, they failed to identify the financial misconduct mad by the executives of the Lehman. After introduction ASA701 communication of key audit matters in independent audit report not only increase the quality of audit work as well as enhance the auditors effort to determine the significant audit matter and to make disclosure of those in audit report as well as communication with those charged with governance. Conclusion:- From the collapse of Lehman brothers following points of failures have been highlighted: Poor political actions, 105repos transactions, failed bailouts, poor management, poor financial practises, liquidity crunch, non-disclosures of significant transactions and events in financial statements and failed auditing practises. This downfall was one of the biggest downfall in the history of U.S economy which also have a huge impact on global economy as well, which necessitates the introduction of ASA701 communicating key audit matters in independent audit report. Auditor should communicate the key audit matter, which was disclosed in the report with those charged with governance. Downfall of Lehman not only applies to financial service industry but it also provides the lessons about corporate governance that relate to all companies. Recommendation would be to be practical and pursue reasonable business approach. Enforcement of strict regulatory measures that is the investment banks should act in accordance with their factual financial capability in place of deceiving anyone in order to acquire financial support. Investment banks should have controllable leverage ratios. To retain the investor confidence is a big deal, this can be achieved through strict lawful and authoritarian framework. Lehman acted immorally by breaching reliability of standards in its use and violating accounting requisite by manipulating financial statements. Apart from the above Lehman were lacking risk management practises and flexible capital structure. The new audit standard ASA701 was developed in the wake of the global financial crisis in particular of Lehman brothers. References Norbel , M(2017).Lehman brothers. [online] Available at: https://www.heritage.org/report/lehman-brothers-bankruptcy-and-the-financial-crisis-lessons-learnedhtml [Accessed 9th April. 2017].[1] Siskos, D(2017).Lehman brothers case. [online] Available at: https://www.thinkingfinance.info/uploads/1/7/7/1/17713111/dimitrios_siskos.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017].[2] Auditing ans Assurance standards board [online]ASA 701 Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2006L01403 [Accessed 9th April. 2017].[3] Siskos, D(2017).Lehman brothers case. [online] Available at: https://www.thinkingfinance.info/uploads/1/7/7/1/17713111/dimitrios_siskos.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017].[4] Lehman brother bankruptcy(2017).Lehman brothers. [online] Available at: https://www.pwc.com/jg/en/events/lessons-learned-for-the-survivors.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017].[5] Fox, J(2017).Three lessons of the Lehman brothers collapse . [online] Available at: https://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1923197,00.html [Accessed 9th April. 2017].[6] Audit Reporting(2017).ASA 701 [online] Available at: https://www.ifac.org/system/files/meetings/files/20140311-IAASBCAG-Agenda_Item_C1-Auditor_Reporting-Key_Audit_Matters-final.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017].[7] Fox, J(2017).Three lessons of the Lehman brothers collapse . [online] Available at: https://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1923197,00.html [Accessed 9th April. 2017].[8] Azadinamin, A(2017).The bakruptcy of lehman and brothers. [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230687440_The_Bankruptcy_of_Lehman_Brothers_Causes_of_Failure_Recommendations_Going_Forward [Accessed 9th April. 2017].[9] Mewtour , M(2017). Failure of Lehman brothers. [online] Available at: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RJFA/article/viewFile/11290/11598 [Accessed 9th April. 2017].[10] Audit Reporting(2017).ASA 701 [online] Available at: https://www.ifac.org/system/files/meetings/files/20140311-IAASBCAG-Agenda_Item_C1-Auditor_Reporting-Key_Audit_Matters-final.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017].[11]

The Consensus Process Effects on the Decision Making

The decision making role of groups has been widely recognized and accepted from the time of the Greek empire that formed democratic voting structures and is still in use at the present day. Group decision making can be observed in group such as the legislatures, when they debate on the bill that are to be passed into law; juries, when they pass judgement on defendants and suggest the sentence, or amount of damages awarded to the plaintiff; and school boards decide on the structure of the school curriculum, among others.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Consensus Process Effects on the Decision Making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The important decisions are observed to be dependent on the agreement of the involved parties in a group, as opposed to an individual (Satzinger, Garfield, Nagasundaram, 1999). Groups are observed to be greater than individuals when it comes to decision making. This is be cause groups represent a broader variety of perspectives, which makes their arguments fair through provision of numerous materials, upon which decisions can be made. In addition to this, group decision making is perceived to be better than making of vital decisions by individuals, as portrayed in the notion that â€Å"two is better than one†. A lot of research has been conducted on both the fairness and performance of group decisions, to investigate the processes via which groups reach consensus on a solution. The research was also aimed at finding out the effect of the consensus processes on the value and accuracy of the final response (Davis Hinsz, 1982). Information processing at group level Group decision making is a task that is based on individual member inclinations as the legal contribution for the choice of the group. Recent research has begun to observe groups as information processing systems, thereby viewing cognition as an extra legal level of aggregation. Accor ding to Hinsz et al. (1997) information processing at the group level refers to â€Å"the degree to which information, ideas, or cognitive processes are shared among group members. Kameda, Tindale, and Davis (2002) have suggested that social sharing is a phenomenon with various levels that are necessary for the understanding of group decision making at the response and cognitive level. The arguments of the authors above are all focused on one particular aspect of group decision processes and outcomes, and that is the magnificent influence of ideas shared among a majority of the group members. The aspect of social sharing is also dependent on various group features including preferences, information, group identities and metacognitions, among others (Brauner Scholl, 2000).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The three levels of social sharing are therefore preferences, cognitio ns and metacognitions. The magnitude of sharing is vital at each level, and is therefore a key factor in knowing how groups reach consensus as well as the decision alternative or judgement position of which the group eventually decides (Abrams, Marques, Bwon, Henson, 2000). One of the common forms of group decision making occurs in interacting groups, whereby the group members meet face-to-face and depend on both verbal and nonverbal interaction to communicate with each other. A study of group thinking showed that interacting groups whereby members meet face-to-face, thereby relying on communication by verbal and non verbal interaction are the most common. The study further indicated that interacting groups censor themselves a lot, and pressure individual members toward conformity of opinion (Davis Hinsz, 1982). Social Decision Scheme Theory One of the main problems with group-decision making has been the impact of individual member preferences on the final choice of the group, ma king individual preferences a main locus of group interaction. This theory suggests that small group interaction are observed to be combinatorial processes, whereby the preferred options by the group members are pooled together to allow the group to arrive at an agreement on one choice, acceptable to all members. This process of pooling suggestions is dependent on the task of the group, and the environment, among other factors. The theory is based on examining the aggregation process with a view to obtaining the most appropriate summary of the group’s ideas, in any particular setting. This analysis allows candidates of combinatorial processes that may operate in the decision setting to be represented as stochastic matrices referred to as decision schemes (Cannon-Bowers, Salas, Converse, 1993). According to the proportionality model, the probability that the members of a group will pick one specific option is the proportion of members favouring that option. The proportionalit y model assumes that divisions within the group are only as powerful as the relative size of that division (Davis, 1973). According to the majority-equiprobability otherwise model, whenever the majority of group members favour a particular decision alternative, then that alternative will be the one selected. In the event of an equal split is agreement between any two alternatives, then the selection of either is likely to be the choice of the group. The majority Group equiprobability otherwise model assumes that majority factions are quite powerful and typically define the group’s choice (Godwin Restle, 1974). Group decision making techniques Most of the problems in the traditional interacting group can be eliminated through a variety of ways including brainstorming, nominal group technique, and electronic meetings.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Consensus Process Effects on the Decision Making specifically for you for only $16. 05 $11/page Learn More Brainstorming Brain storming overcomes pressures for conformity in the interacting group that slow down the process of developing creative alternatives by using an idea generation procedure that motivates all the options, while keeping away any criticism of the options. The groups involved in brainstorming are observed to comprise six to twelve members, whereby one of them is the group leader, who informs the other members in a clear manner of the problem proposed. The next step involves the members providing a variety of alternatives within a limited time period. Criticism is not allowed, and discussions on the ideas are conducted much later to facilitate broad thinking. Brainstorming is more focused on generating ideas than arriving at a preferred solution (Godwin Restle, 1974). Nominal group technique The method requires the presence of all members, though discussions are restricted, so that the members can operate by themselves. Once the pr oblem is presented to the group, the individual members write down their opinions. The next step requires the members to present one idea to the other members, without any interruptions. The next step requires the members to discuss and evaluate the ideas, before voting for them by ranking them in order of most preferable. This method allows groups to meet formally without restricting independent thinking like the interacting groups (Hackman, 1987). Electronic meetings The process involves various people sitting around a horseshoe-shaped table, with nothing except computer terminals through which issues are presented to the members, allowing them to respond by typing. Personal comments and suggestions are shown on a projection screen in the room. The method allows the group members to anonymously provide their input. This promotes honesty, and speed of decision making, since people do not fumble with ideas, but present them for all to see, without much chit chat (Hogg, 2001). Choice of technique Based on the main objectives of a particular group, the group members can pick any kind of technique for the group decision making. Interacting groups are preferable where it is necessary to build group cohesion, whereas brainstorming would be appropriate to minimize social pressures. The nominal group technique is cost effective, and electronic meetings are fast. To control the behaviour of group members, it is necessary to have norms that establish standards of right and wrong. These norms should support high output by encouraging individual performance. Frustration can also kick in due to status inequities, therefore influencing productivity and willingness to remain with an organization (Hinsz, 1999). The task of the group decides its size, since activities requiring fact finding would appreciate larger groups while action-taking tasks would require smaller groups. According to research conducted on social loafing, it was suggested that measures should be introduce d to assess individual performance within a large group (Hastie, 1986).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Group conflict Conflicts within the group have been observed to arise during the interpretation of group task outcome, as well as the solution scheme. This conflict is usually greater for groups with more members due to more task interpretations. Such conflict is an obstacle that prevents the effective decision making due to disruption of the exchange of information. Researchers have observed the effective operations of groups based on conflict. Conflict can be used constructively to encourage detailed assessment of the available unique options from individual members by interrogating based on the assumptions made, and therefore arriving at solutions and recommendations (Henrich Boyd, 1998). According to (Godwin Restle, 1974) conflict is multi-dimensional, as opposed to monolithic. Researchers have observed the importance of managing conflicts productively as it affects the performance of the group. Godwin and Restle (1974) observed that cognitive conflict was task oriented, and w as as a result of differences in judgement, whereas affective conflict was based on personal disaffection or disagreement. Hackman (1986) noted that the latter was barrier to the effective functioning of group, though the former could be useful in moderation, and even resulting in improved group performance. Task conflict can be induced in groups via two methods namely devil’s advocacy and dialectical inquiry. The former refers to the critical scrutiny of the plan or proposal of a group, whereas dialectical inquiry implies the development of counter plans and therefore question assumptions underlying the proposal of the group. Induced task conflicts using the two methods has been observed to result in improved group performance as compare to consensus based groups (Schweiger, Sandberg, Ragan, 1986). Conflicts arise due to the divergence in goals and interests among the members even though their interests in the outcome are similar. Researchers have argued that conflict can m ake corporate groups more effective when used effectively. Use of organizational memory Group work in organization is nowadays supported by technology. Organizational memory (OM) has been observed to be a key element in the success of group work. OM stores information obtained from previous works of the group members, therefore, facilitates group learning, offers justification for group decisions and improves the efficiency of group decision makers. Organizational memory has been observed to have the limitation of being biased, since it provides references of past thoughts and suggestions, which may hinder the exploration of diverse viewpoints other than the ones presented. Conflict inducing mechanisms have been observed to solve this problem (Schweiger, Sandberg, Ragan, 1986). According to (Hinsz, Tindale, Vollrath, The emerging conception of groups asinformation processors., 1997), keeping track of previous solutions to organizational problems is beneficial as it saves on time, money and effort. Records can be useful in avoiding paths which have been explored previously and found inappropriate, though such records could result in routine responses to non-routine situations (Grofman, 1986). The over reliance of groups on knowledge in the memory may result in bias of judgements as a result of the frequency or likelihood of occurrence of an event. Constructive conflicts are effective in overcoming the bias, since the appropriateness of stored information would be debated on relevance with the present situation (Schwenk, 1990). Hypotheses It has been observed that conflict groups have a higher level of critical assessment and evaluation than consensus groups. Knowledge provided by the OM systems is beneficial in encouraging the group members to evaluate various options, including those evaluated before and recorded. In addition to this, the level of critical evaluation of the assumptions and recommendations is much higher than that of consensus groups. Dialect ical inquiry, DI groups develop counter-plans and seek clarification on assumptions, giving them higher levels of critical evaluation as compared to devil’s advocacy, DA groups, which make inquiries on the suppositions of other subgroups without developing counter plans (Satzinger, Garfield, Nagasundaram, 1999). The first hypothesis is that conflict-based groups with OM structures will indicate a higher level of evaluation than consensus-based groups with OM structures. In addition to this, groups that create conflict using dialectical inquiry will show higher level of critical evaluation than groups using evil’s advocacy approach. Conflict-based groups analyze a wider variety of options, examining all the suppositions of knowledge provided from memory, which helps such groups to comprehend the assignment much better and therefore build their confidence when implementing the strategy. Consensus groups relying on memory knowledge may not critically analyze the options, while DI groups are more critical than DA groups (Laughlin, 1996). This translates to another hypothesis; that conflict-based groups with OM will exhibit greater depth of perception of the decision quality than consensus groups with OM structure. Moreover, DI groups will exhibit greater depth of perception of the decision than DA groups. Induced task conflict is likely to result in arguments over the assumptions based on proof from memory knowledge, leading to improved perception of the decision that is arrived at, as compared to consensus groups, where the debates and evaluations are not as critical. DA groups are not as critical, leading to faster agreements as compared to DI systems, leading to the assumption that; conflict based groups with the support of OM will show lower levels of agreement than consensus based groups with OM support. Moreover, DI groups will show lower levels of agreement than DA groups (Kameda, Hulbert, Tindale, 2002). Research conducted on conflict based groups showed that the members had very low levels of satisfaction with their groups. This was not the case with consensus based groups. This is because the critical analysis in conflict groups creates disharmony and is time consuming, which is likely to cause undesirable effects on the satisfaction of the members, with the whole process. This effect is also likely to occur in DI groups, where the members have to critique suggestions and come up with new ones. This implies that the decision making process is more meticulous for DI groups than DA groups, implying that; conflict based groups with OM structure will exhibit lower levels of contentment with the decision making process than consensus based groups with OM support. In addition to this, there will be lower levels of contentment with the decision process in DI groups than DA groups (Hollingshead, 1996). References Abrams, D., Marques, J. M., Bwon, N., Henson, M. (2000). Pro-norm and anti-normdeviance within and between grou ps. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78, 906-912. Brauner, E., Scholl, W. (2000). The information processing approach as a perspective for group research. Group Processes and Intergroup Relation , 3, 115-122. Cannon-Bowers, J., Salas, E., Converse, S. (1993). Shared mental models in teamdecision making. In Individual and group decision making (pp. 221-246). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Davis, J. H. (1973). Group decisions and social interactions: A theory of social decision schemes. Psychological Review , 80, 97-125. Davis, J. H., Hinsz, V. B. (1982). Current research problems in group performance and group dynamics. In Group decision making (pp. 1-20). London: Academic Press. Davis, J. H., Kameda, T., Parks, C., Stasson, M., Zimmerman, S. (1989). Some socialmechanics of group decision making: The distribution of opinion, polling sequence, andimplications for consensus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57, 1000 – 1014. Godwin, W., Restle, F. (1974) . The road to agreement: Subgroup pressures in small groupconsensus processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 30, 500-509. Grofman, B. . (1986). Decision research (Vol. 2). JAI Press: Greenwich, CT. Hackman, J. (1987). The design of work teams. In Handbook oforganizational behavior (pp. 315-342). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hastie, R. (1986). Experimental evidence on group accuracy. JAI Press: Greenwich, CT. Henrich, J., Boyd, R. (1998). The evolution of conformist transmission and the emergence of between-group differences. Evolution and Human Behavior , 19, 215-241. Hinsz, V. B. (1999). Group decision making with responses of a quantitative nature: The theoryof social decision schemes for quantities. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 80, 28-49. Hinsz, V. B., Tindale, R. S., Vollrath, D. A. (1997). The emerging conception of groups asinformation processors. Psychological Bulletin , 121, 43-64. Hogg, M. A. (2001). Social categorization , depersonalization, and group behavior. In Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Group processes (pp. 56-85). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. Hollingshead, A. B. (1996). The rank order effe ct in group decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 68, 181-193. Kameda, T., Hulbert, L., Tindale, R. S. (2002). Procedural and agenda effects on political decisions by small groups. New York: Plenum Press. Laughlin, P. R. (1996). Group decision making and collective induction. In Understanding group behavior: Consensual action by small groups (pp. 61-80). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Satzinger, J., Garfield, M., Nagasundaram, M. (1999). The creative process: The effects of Group memory on individual idea generation. Journal of Management Information Systems , 15(4). Schweiger, D., Sandberg, W., Ragan, J. (1986). Group approaches for improving strategicdecision making: A comparative analysis or dialectical inquiry, devil’s advocacy and consensus. A cademy of Management Journal , 29(1). Schwenk, C. (1990). Conflict in organizational decision making: an exploratory study of its effects in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Management Science , 36(4). This research paper on The Consensus Process Effects on the Decision Making was written and submitted by user Julieta Estes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography of Georges Braque, Pioneer Cubist Painter

Biography of Georges Braque, Pioneer Cubist Painter Georges Braque (May 13, 1882 - August 31, 1963) was a French artist best known for his cubist paintings and the development of collage techniques. He worked closely with Pablo Picasso as they broke down traditional rules of the use of perspective in painting. Fast Facts: Georges Braque Occupation: Painter and collage artistBorn: May 13, 1882 in Argenteuil, FranceDied: August 31, 1963 in Paris, FranceSelected Works: Houses at lEstaque (1908), Bottle and Fishes (1912), Violin and Pipe (1913)Notable Quote: Truth exists; only lies are invented. Early Life and Training Growing up in the port city of Le Havre, France, young Georges Braque trained to be a house painter and decorator like his father and grandfather. In addition to working on his vocation, Braque studied in the evenings at Le Havres Ecole des Beaux-Arts as a teenager. After apprenticing with a decorator, he earned a certificate to practice the craft in 1902. In 1903, Braque enrolled in the Academie Humbert in Paris. He painted there for two years and met avant-garde painters Marie Laurencin and Francis Picabia. The earliest Braque paintings are in the classic impressionist style. That changed in 1905 when he began to associate with Henri Matisse. Public domain Fauvist Matisse was at the forefront of the group of painters known as the Fauves (beasts in English). They are noted for the use of vibrant colors and simpler lines designed to make a bold, emotional statement to the viewer. Georges Braques first exhibit of his Fauvist paintings took place at the Salon des Independants show Paris in 1907. Braques Fauvist works are slightly more subdued in color than those of some of the other leaders of the style. He worked closely with Raoul Dufy and fellow Le Havre artist Othon Friesz. After viewing a massive retrospective show of the work of Paul Cezanne in Paris in late 1907, Braques work began to shift again. He also visited Pablo Picassos studio for the first time in 1907 to view the legendary painting Les Demoiselles dAvignon. The association with Picasso had a powerful impact on Braques evolving technique. The Olive Tree Near lEstaque (1906). Public domain Work With Pablo Picasso Georges Braque began to work closely with Picasso as they both developed a new style that was soon dubbed cubism. Many researchers dispute the specific origins of the term, but while organizing a salon show in 1908, Matisse reportedly said Braque has just sent in a painting made of little cubes. Picasso and Braque were not the only artists developing the new approach to painting, but they were the most prominent. Both artists exhibited influences of Paul Cezannes experiments with painting objects from multiple perspectives. While some believed that Picasso led the way and Braque merely followed in his wake, a close examination by art historians has revealed that Picasso focused on the animation of objects while Braque explored a more contemplative approach. In 1911, Braque and Picasso spent the summer together in the French Pyrenees mountains painting side by side. They produced works that are virtually impossible to distinguish from each other in terms of style. In 1912, they expanded their approach to include collage techniques. Braque invented what came to be known as papier colle, or paper cutouts, a method of incorporating paper with paint to create the collage. Braques piece Violin and Pipe (1913) illustrates how the pieces of paper allowed him to literally take the shapes present in the objects apart and rearrange them to create art. Man with a Guitar (1911). Corbis Historical / Getty Images The extended collaboration came to an end in 1914 when Georges Braque enlisted in the French Army to fight in World War I. He suffered a severe head injury in May 1915 in the battle at Carency. Braque experienced temporary blindness and required a long period of recuperating. He did not begin painting again until late 1916. Cubist Style The style of cubism is an expansion of the experiments by painter Paul Cezanne in depicting three-dimensional form on a two-dimensional canvas. Cezanne died in 1906, and, following significant retrospectives of his work in 1907, Pablo Picasso painted Les Demoiselles dAvignon, a piece that many believe is an example of proto-Cubism. At the same time as Picasso exhibited his new style through abstracted images of people, Braque was at work on extending Cezannes vision of landscapes with reductive, geometric forms. Soon, the pair became leaders of a new style of painting that attempted to represent multiple viewpoints on an object or person simultaneously. Some observers likened the works to a diagram of how the objects worked and moved in real life. Gjon Mili / Getty Images In the period between 1909 and 1912, Braque and Picasso focused on a style now known as analytic cubism. They painted mostly in neutral colors like brown and beige while taking apart objects and analyzing their shapes on the canvas. It is difficult to tell the work of the two artists apart in this period. One of Braques key works during this time is Bottle and Fishes (1912). He broke the object into so many discreet shapes that the whole became nearly unrecognizable. Cubists challenged the conventional view of perspective in painting that ruled the establishment since the Renaissance. It was perhaps the most important legacy of Braques art. Breaking down the rigid notion of perspective paved the way for multiple developments in the painting of the 20th century that ultimately led to pure abstraction. Later Work After he began painting again in 1916, Georges Braque worked alone. He began to develop a more idiosyncratic style that included brighter colors while relaxing the harsh nature of his earlier cubist work. He became close friends with Spanish artist Juan Gris. New subject matter entered Braques work in the 1930s. He began to focus on Greek heroes and gods. He explained that he wanted to show them in a pure form stripped of symbolic gestures. The bright colors and emotional intensity of these paintings depict the emotional anxiety felt by Europeans as a second world war approached. Painter and Model (1939). Corbis Historical / Getty Images After World War II, Braque painted ordinary objects like flowers and garden chairs. He created his final series of eight works between 1948 and 1955. They were all titled Atelier, the French word for the studio. At the time Georges Braque died in 1963, many considered him one of the fathers of modern art. Legacy While his painting ranged across multiple styles during his lifetime, Georges Braque is primarily remembered for his cubist work. His focus on still life and landscapes influenced later artists who returned to the traditional subject matter. Braques most distinctive legacy is his development of collage techniques involving cut paper that he focused on for only a few short years of his career. Source Danchev, Alex. Georges Braque: A Life. Arcade, 2012.

The strategy that was used by MTN Group to expand to different parts Essay

The strategy that was used by MTN Group to expand to different parts of the African and Middle Eastern markets - Essay Example In 1994, the government authority granted a license to Vodacom and Mobile Telecommunication Network (MTN) to operate mobile phone networks in South Africa (Oxford Business Group, 2008). The MTN Group had the vision â€Å"to be the leading provider of telecommunications in emerging markets† (Erasmus and Shenk, 2008 p61). This has been the watchword of MTN and the group is now operational in 21 countries in Africa and the Middle East (Banhegyi, 2007). In all these countries, MTN has access to over 488 million people and has over 28 million subscribers (Banhegyi, 2007). It is now listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. In Africa, MTN has operations in Botswana, Cameroon, Cote D'Ivoire, Nigeria, Congo, Rwanda, Swaziland, Uganda and Zambia amongst other nations. MTN Group has its headquarters in South Africa where it all started. This paper examines the strategy that was used by MTN Group to expand to different parts of the African and Middle Eastern markets. It will examine the strategies from the context of dominant theories and ideas relating to international business. The second part of the research will examine the strategies for further expansion of MTN into other markets around the world. MTN Group Expansion Strategy In order to examine the expansion of MTN to different countries around the world, important elements and aspects of International Business will be examined. This include: Entry Mode Entry Timing Firm Size Institutional Matters Entry Mode Entry mode describes the methods and systems used by a business to expand into a foreign country (Andexer, 2008). It describes the various approaches that a business uses to create a presence in a foreign land. Popular methods include franchising, licensing and joint ventures (Ireland et al, 2011). According to Singh (2008), MTN expanded to other countries through a mixture of Greenfield Investments and Mergers/Acquisition. A Greenfield Investment is the â€Å"establishment of completely new operations in a foreign land† (Paul, 2009 p357). In some countries, MTN created new telecommunication companies that were meant to provide services. This was particularly popular in smaller and war thorne African countries that had limited infrastructure. This involved investing and creating new infrastructure from the scratch. Through this, MTN exported their resources to these new venues. They applied principles from South Africa and learnt about the local environments. Through this, they built brands and new systems in the foreign nations that they operated within. In other countries, MTN expanded through mergers and acquisitions. Mergers and acquisitions involve forming strong partnerships or acquiring other businesses in order to being operations in a new country (Johnson and Turner, 2009: MacDonald et al, 2011). MTN Group purchased other companies like Areeba and Spacefon technologies in several parts of the continent (Bridge, 2009). These two companies were sprawling brands in th e Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa (Pan, 2011). MTN just purchased these companies and took over their assets and began to operate in their capacity as an independent company in these foreign countries (Venter et al, 2009). Through this mixture of mergers and acquisitions and greenfield investments, MTN was able to set up different operations around the world. The shareholders of the South African company expanded their scope of control and took over these foreign and new markets. The mergers were mainly

Comparison Between The Number of Web Sites of The Gulf Cooperation Research Paper

Comparison Between The Number of Web Sites of The Gulf Cooperation Council and its Services and E-Government Website - Research Paper Example However, in order to distribute information on the internet, an interface is used, which is known as a Web site. A Web site contains a lot of hyperlinks and contents conveying the message of that particular Web site (Norton, 2001; Shelly et al., 2005). For instance, a web site of a university contains information about that university. In the same way, the Hukoomi is a Web Portal, which offers the people access to information regarding the State of Qatar. It links us with government programs, services, initiatives and events (Government of Qatar, 2012). In addition, through cooperation with government organizations and public service suppliers, the Hukoomi has appeared to build online information more readily accessible at our fingertips. Additionally, the online national web portal hosts a number of significant e-services, and government service application, documents, forms and general information (Government of Qatar, 2012). This report presents a detailed comparison between a num ber of Web sites of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and their services and other e-government websites to know the country and the needs of the Country Website development and optimization and preference. This report will present a detailed analysis of a wide variety of aspects of the Hukoomi in comparison with rest of the Gulf States in terms of electronic services and e-government support. The basic purpose of this comparison is to determine the needs and requirements that are necessary to know for building an effective and informative web site. This analysis will determine what should be included in the web site to make it perfect, with the intention that it could better serve its community. A detailed Comparison This section presents a detailed comparison between different web sites. For this purpose, I have divided this comparison into different parts (depending on the features of a web site). In this scenario, I will compare different features and services which are availab le or should be available at Hukoomi but it is not there and what services are available on other portals. 1- National Overview The first feature or support that we will analyze in this comparison is about presentation of national overview. In this scenario, the Hukoomi offers a good national overview; however, at this web site comprehensive national overview is missing. The national overview of Hukoomi can include information regarding national resources, population, geography and tourism. On the other hand, the Main Page of existing website does not contain such details. As this web site is aimed at presenting a detailed overview of the country so it needs to offer a brief but comprehensive overview of the State of Qatar. In this scenario, we need to add some links in a small portion of the Main Page of the website so that people could know about

Marketing Myopia Essay Example for Free

Marketing Myopia Essay 1.0 Introduction In line with Levitt (1960), Marketing Myopia refers to the narrow view of myopia, marketing and business environment. This kind of advertising program without any demand with clients but an organization will is to sell goods or services within particular economic markets. It tilted a business to focus on its desire, rather than what the shopping desires, and often modifying to form a culture of immunity each typically end up losing the name, business damage and ineffective commercial practice Levitt, (1960). This is accomplished exploring by them, an enterprise may appear an extra fully meet customer needs and wants, in order to develop its business. It offers a brilliant view of thoughts for your customers. At Marketing Myopia, Levitt (1960), he indicates the current marking statement said: Marketing is a stepson most of the organizations stressed production and marketing. 2.0 Key failing 1980’s According to the case study has shown that, the key failings in marketing as a business practice by Levitt in 1960. According to the article, the main key failing point was they had a management failure does not because the market is not saturated yet the reason is because of their own MYOPIA. These all key failing point has clearly to support and determine how they had a poor management. First and foremost, they watched it was supposed to develop but never take action to developed it, which means they were not looked at the long term while they look at the short term only, which is short-sighted goods for instance, the petroleum. The situation worsened rail transport terrible, because they are rail-based rather than product-oriented, they were product oriented rather than customer oriented, they do not care about the clients wants and there are more on supply but few on demand. As a results that is because why their clients snatched by the competitors. Other than that, they are lack of considering how the rail road can be pant in the prospect future. While those who also a lack of consider how to become an excellent entertainer skills in Hollywood and rather they considered filmmaking. In addition, they have never seen the product as overall and narrow example are not to be regarded as petroleum fuel industry but is deemed the energy business, which is not considered to produce Hollywood movies but as amusement and also failed to watch this industry from any  marketing view. Furthermore, Theodore Levitt defined that there is misconception of manufacturer, they are just think about the particular product and yet they are missed to see the category of the product. The last key failing point in management failure perceived by Levitt is they have a poor product structure, they are not possible comprehensive product development, failed to know its clients product range resulting in the failure of the business and cannot have a good sa les in the market. 3.0 Changes and thinking Regarding to the ideology was that it has to change from product orientation to client orientation and the practice would also move from product orientation to client orientation. How things are done there such a huge increase, because now people are extremely imaginative in how they look to the future, changes in marketing from the product-oriented and service-oriented their thinking ability to widen stricture ideas, their management is changed by catering the needs of marketing person. For instance, the Perils of Petroleum. They created a right of recourse petroleum exploration with advanced technical and know how to enjoy the confidence of senior investors, restrictions in itself technologies oil exploration, oil extraction, oil refining and did not expect substitutes; example of natural gas. The oil company has never been developed gas as a substitute to gasoline. Crude oil is one not being treated as a major patent medicine which is we all knew that petroleum was a very signific ant thing, if not the economy would got ill, this is how they noted that it is a proprietary drug. Oil companies have two items have never wanted to use these two, On the whole as fuel instead of petrol or natural gas. The oil has not been robust growth, oils itself does not have became a greater by the oil firm, and all this because it required to run vehicles and machines. The next will be Dry Cleaning. This industry was a growth with luxury outlook. Once upon a time, try to fancy that it is finally can get them in safely and easily to be cleaning. The boom was on. After thirty years the boom is begin and the industry is in difficulty with competition. The competition is not with related any new technique for a better cleaning, it has come with synthetic fibers and the chemical additives so both of this are resulted cut down the need of dry cleaning. The industrial market is the  latest present invention and business-oriented services, but it faces a number of outdated shadows, because of new inventions in which make this industry even more useless to the clients. Clients with a new and optimal substitutes order to meet their needs (Jahidur Rahim, 2014). In addition, it would be electric Utilities. This was also one of those ordinarily which is ‘no substitute’ products that had been throne base of invincible growth. Power industry continues to boom as wax luxury home is converted into electrical gizmos museum. Electric utility industry has also confront the same issue in the use and production with its new and dynamic change. By that changing of time, electric utilities is also changing very quickly, with the whole changing clients accustomed to using the new and handy utility. The result is a particular product oriented companies are faced with the outdated state. Grocery Store industries which is known in the case is ‘corner grocery store’. In this supermarket has been took over a strong potency. The large big food chains in 1930’s narrowly had escaped aggressive the expansion independent supermarket was completely perished. The first pure supermarket was start business on 1930 in Jamaica long island. 1933 supermarket were flourish in Pennsylvania, California Ohio and so on. Yet, When performed a large chain announced that he discovered ‘the difficult to believe the people will drive kilometers to a food store and sacrifice personalized service chain has improved, consumers are used to Mrs. Consumer’. When 1936 late, Wholesale and retail grocery markets nationwide Association of Convention and New Jersey said there is nothing to fear. For introduction of the new super chain stores and super markets, the grocery store where our neighbors are also likely to face a loss of business. For the first time grocery store shopkeeper believes that these supermarkets are not in their competitive, not originated from their market but they were actually wrong. 4.0 Modern Industry Area Some of industries were acting myopically. The global petroleum industry is generally defined to consist of oil exploration, refining, transportation (oil tankers and pipelines), extraction and the sale of petroleum products. With extensive of the products in the industry, including: crude oil and  other derivative products associated known as petroleum products, and products for use in the petrochemical industry. Industry classification was distributed into five sectors which are upstream, downstream, ships, pipeline, supplies as well as services (Kakada, 2014). The global petroleum industry can drive majority aptly described as the engine of economic development in the world. On the internationally market nowadays, the most remarkable commodities trading is crude. And more than a century, crude oil has always been worlds main energy source. Petroleum industry already described as the most periodic activities and offers exceed 70 percent of global energy demand (Unknown, 2014). Place a vibrant business environment in worldwide, there have been no changes in the structure of the industry and organizations such as the oil and gas industry has witnessed. From the world today, operating under the influence of significant changes in the structure and organization of the occurrence of the industry is called, and the most noteworthy is that this is balancing among demand and supply of the products. This is particularly in the recent past has become the most extensive decision-making tools and also the trend rest of rising prices for products of strategic planning. In short, on the significant industry changes during the past half-century stand for a new system of marketing of crude oil, exploration and developed state-owned enterprises in the oil-producing countries, the OPEC formation consolidated and acquisitions of the nationalization, and entry the new company. The Industry like any others Industry which has shaped its operating instructions and specific characteristics. From the limited supply of the products in the industry, because it has a non-renewable resource. Although the formation of fossil oil are known, but not in the global scale buried fossil does have each ground have oil. It might sound contradictory, but it is still a fact. Therefore, great value were placed on oil whether of the location it is be found or known to exist, that means oil products extracted still yet to be extracted by that ground is deem to be as similar economic value. Exploration, production, refining and oil resources over the past have been driven transport two forms of investment in the system. The first is related to transnational cartel system, followed by foreign companies. However, in two systems, the main driving force is the oil concession under its control,  which means that even when resources that belong to the ability of the host country, However control of the concession rights have been transferred to those companys status. The system has the majority of time in this century, and the second world war played a significant impact the activities within the industry. The unique features of this system is the supreme power or right is giving the company to explore, extract and export of petroleum to limit any other investors produce any competitive advantage. In addition, the system allows whoever has the overall control of the concession investments in the host country for the development, the number of natural areas and the right to choose the location of production levels, production facilities, exploration and the transportation Capacity. In theory, this sounds great, but this is not made clear how the state of tax collection and utilization of resources, any tangible contribution to the static role. This makes authorized role of the state, additional dependent, and not as dependent on the concessionaire. The relationship between the state and enterprises level became fiscal. In the long term, the company focused on their profit margins will be under no obligation to meet any state of social economic and political neither the host or nor the requirements of the development the petroleum sector. This system in of a wider perspective, the implication is that the investment decision-making and analysis of the scheme, just consider the world economy. In a simplified manner, petroleum sector is isolated from other departments in order to develop what would improve under what oil companies to host an economic background. 5.0Personal contribution and group dynamic There are certain true in saying goes two heads are better than one. In order to ensure this task and promptly and completed successfully the progress of this task, myself and my honorable colleagues to work together tightly, burning the midnight candles, and make investigations visiting in several local such as public libraries, the school libraries to procurement a reference for this task. But sometimes I was wrote down some records of important parts for what our lecturer in lecturing us on since I might not catch up or missed out some significant parts on this task, therefore I would try to putting more effort on it and I and my group mates usually stay back in college after classes to study more. We attempt as much as  possible and meet our instructors and seniors to help us in certain areas the difficulties to clear our worries and confusion. Before we started this report, we were divided the work of made a presentation in order to helps each other understand more. I with my teammates conduce to the first question, it is to determine the sales as a business observation and Levitt (1960) perceived problems. We were paid a visit to meet each of our group members 2 times a week for this task and the spending hours probably as 1 hour and 40 minutes for every single meet up. In others time, we were discuss via social media such as emailing or have a phone call. Another group of our classmates were contributed on question no 2 which is be show on how the thinking (and practice) has been influence on since then- supported commentaries to the initial article (starting with Levitt’s own updated thinking)while another of the last group were contributed on question no 3 which we were asked to take one business space (which can be one originally checked out by Levitt (1960), or another of your choice) verify whether or not you think its currently acting myopically, giving your reasons (evidence!) for your views. Due the hard work and cooperation I had been obtain such a success at the same time learning to work along with my team and got a lot of opinion and put those meaning into the assignment. But also learned more regarding about how to deal or how to well manage a business, with the most important thing to be even more understand is customer-oriented than product-oriented of its only we would exactly comprehend the client needs and wants. My own idea due to his literary works is that Levitt is a visionary because most of the subjects he underlined in 1960 regarding train, Hollywood and petroleum industry turned out to be right many years after. â€Å"It was a very well to start regarding the marketing knowledge’s. 6.0 Conclusion To conclude this task, marketing myopia is a very important and also a broad topic that needs to be solved in so many aspect, by trying to remove the short sightedness that a lot of businesses has been suffered and undergo during the presence. And there are a lot of marketing opportunities that had been ignored or neglected since most of the businesses did not watch or project or plan for the good prospect of their business, why? because of them having a short sighted. When businesses that are having a short sighted  would suffered in the long run while since that there business does not meet up to their clients demand and the services and resulted in having a poor clients services they were being forced to shut down.